Most walking and running shoes need replacing between 500 and 800 kilometres, which is roughly six to twelve months for a regular walker. Time matters as much as distance, because midsole foam compresses and hardens with age even in shoes that sit in a cupboard. Check the creasing in the midsole and whether the tread has flattened under the ball and heel.

No. Price mostly buys materials, cushioning technology and branding, not fit. A cheaper shoe in the correct length, width and depth will usually feel better than an expensive shoe that squeezes your toes. What matters is toe room, heel hold, a secure fastening and a flex point that matches where your foot bends. Fit first, features second.

Not automatically, but they change the load. Minimalist shoes reduce cushioning and heel height, which shifts work onto your calf, Achilles and forefoot. Some people tolerate that well, while others develop pain when they switch quickly. If you want to try them, build up over several weeks and keep your existing shoes for long days and high-mileage sessions.

Yes. Bring the boots or shoes your workplace requires, along with the socks you wear with them. Your podiatrist can check fit, depth, toe cap clearance and lacing, and suggest modifications such as different insoles, lacing patterns or a heel raise. Where the standard issue does not fit, you may be able to request an alternative compliant model through your employer.

Around one thumb width, or roughly ten to fifteen millimetres, between your longest toe and the end of the shoe when you are standing. Your longest toe is not always your big toe. Feet also lengthen and spread under body weight, so measure standing rather than sitting, and always fit to the larger foot.

Often, yes. A shoe that fits in length and width but causes pressure in one area can sometimes be adapted with a stretched toe box, a rocker sole, a heel raise or a different insole. Modification works best when the shoe is structurally sound. Worn midsoles, broken heel counters and split uppers are not worth adapting.